Fahrenheit 451 A Charred Existence Essay Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 A Charred Existence Essay Imagine living in a world where you are not in control of your ownthoughts. Imagine living in a world in which all the great thinkers of thepast have been blurred from existence. Imagine living in a world where lifeno longer involves beauty, but instead a controlled system that thegovernment is capable of manipulating. In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451,such a world is brought to the awareness of the reader through adescription of the impacts of censorship and forced conformity on peopleliving in a futuristic society. In this society, all works of literaturehave become a symbol of unnecessary controversy and are outlawed. Individuality and thought is outlawed. The human mind is outlawed. All thatis left is a senseless society, unaware of their path to self-destruction,knowing only what the government wants them to know. By telling a tale of aworld parallel to our own, Bradbury warns us of a future we are on a pathto a future of mind manipulation, misused technology, ignorance, andhatred. He challenges the reader to remain open-minded by promotingindividualism, the appreciation of literature, the defiance of censorshipand conformity, and most importantly, change. Bradburys inspiration to convey the themes involved in the novelresulted mainly from the social situation of the time. First of all, thenovel was written shortly after World War II and increasing numbers ofauthors began writing about serious topics. Also, the invention of the atombomb had aroused the Cold War and the use of technology as a form ofdestruction. Seeing technology as a potential threat to the well-being ofmankind, Bradbury uses Fahrenheit 451 to state his distrust for it in thenovel, which explains why the devices are depicted as chilling, impersonalgadgets of mechanized anti-culture, (Mogen 141). Also, as the televisionwas becoming the main form of communication in the 50s, Bradbury believedthat it was reducing society to very mediocre tastes. As a defenseagainst the degradation of literature (as well as peoples minds), Bradburyintended to teach us of the importance of books by showing us the miseryinvolved in a world that lacks them. Another social consequence leading tothe writing of Fahrenheit 451 was that, at the time, the country was goingthrough what was called the era of McCarthyism. During this time, manyAmericans were accused of attempting to undermine the United Statesgovernment (Touponce 124). It was a time of book-burning and close panic,which left Bradbury in disbelief that we would go all out and destroyourselves in this fashion (Moore 103). The writing of this novel was alsoan opportunity for Bradbury to speak out against the censorship of writtenliterature that was taking place by showing the consequences of it. Bradbury believed that the censorship of books destroyed important ideas,knowledge, and opinions and restricted the world from learning about theproblems of their culture. His writing came to show that without suchknowledge, society could become very passive, which would make itvulnerable to the control and mind manipulating techniques of thegovernment. Ironically enough, this book itself was subject to censorshipon its initial release. The political, social, and military tensions of the50s lent to Bradburys own tensions, calling him forth to alert the peopleof their own self-destructive behaviors. The setting in which the story takes place has a significant effecton the theme expressed in the novel. The most notable aspect of the settingis the time at which it is set. The time that Bradbury is trying toillustrate is never simply stated, but rather implied and described throughthe lives of the characters and the technology available to them. Theexistence of a four-walled television (Bradbury 20) and high-speed jet-propelled beetle cars (Bradbury 9) inform us that this story takes placesometime in the distant future, keeping in mind this novel was written inthe 1950s. The time that the story takes place in is very closelyassociated with the place of its occurrence. Yet it is not so much a matterof a specific location, but rather the world that it takes place in aworld brought about by the ignorance of the people that reside in it. Inappearance, this world seems almost identical to ours, except the onlydifference occurs in the minds of the people of this world. This closeresembl ance of these two worlds provides a way for Bradbury to implicatethat our future can be like that of the storys society if we are notcareful. As critic Tom Bradford put it, elements of the real world mustbe among the constituent ingredients (69). He tempts the reader lookbeyond the science fiction aspects of the novel and realize that this storyis a reflection of our future, as it may become. Perhaps the most effective of Bradburys methods in the portrayal ofhis theme is symbolism. Throughout the story, almost every object andsituation seems to serve a purpose in the representation of Bradburysdystopian society and its change from it . The most symbolic of suchobjects is fire. Bradburys use of fire throughout the story is, likeMontags character, very dynamic. All through the story, the meaning,emotional reaction to, and use of fire is changed, until its final use inthe rebirth of society. Using fire, Bradbury frames the dominant themesof degradation, metamorphosis, and rebirth. Most of this change is shownthrough the character of Montag, who starts as a fireman. But unliketodays firemen, Montag burns books and sees fire as the only solution toproblems until he is later enlightened and escapes the norms of society. At the start of the novel, fire seems to be directly associated with theimage of destruction. The description of pages being consumed and blackenedby flames in the opening of the book serves to place a predisposed image offire as evil and destructive. The sole use of fire to annihilate theknowledge and opinions associated with books shows that its only intent isto destroy. It destroys books, it destroys homes, it destroys lives, itdestroys Captain Beatty, it destroys Montags house, and in the end, itdestroys the city from which Montag barely escapes. Fires representationin Bradburys dystopian society is censorship. Since, in Fahrenheit 451,books are burned to keep any controversial information from reaching theminds of the passive citizens, it becomes evident that fire is ultimatelythe censoring force. The link that Bradbury makes between the initialrepresentation and description of fire shows that his message is thatcensorship is destructive. But fires purpose seems to take a turnin g pointin the novel after Montags awakening realization about the need toexpress his thoughts among a society of conformists. Fire is then seen as asymbol of rebirth and purification. Even Beatty himself, captain of thefiremen, believes that, fire is bright, and fire is clean (Bradbury 54),showing the uniquely cleansing property of flames. Fire allows something tobe wiped-out completely and changed, allowing a fresh new start the startof a new society. When Montag sets his own house ablaze, he undergoes anuncommon emotional experience, in which he views the fire as a new startingpoint, a change in his life. Even the opening of the book claims, It was apleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed(Bradbury 3). Also, Bradburys frequent reference to the Phoenix, as onBeattys helmet and car, as well as its reference by Granger at the end ofthe book, serves as a metaphor to this rebirth. The Phoenix was a mythicalbird of ancient Egypt that, after its five hundred-yea r existence, consumesitself in flames and is reborn from its own ashes (Sisario 105). Theresurrection of the Phoenix signifies the cyclical nature of human life andcivilization. Beatty is burned to death, and his death by fire symbolicallyillustrates the rebirth that is associated with his Phoenix sign. At theend of the book, one of the book-saving outlaws, Granger, refers to thePhoenix and claims that:The Phoenix must have been the first cousin to Man. But every timehe burnt himself up he sprang out of his ashes, he got himself born allover again. And it looks like were doing the same thing, over and over,but weve got one damn thing that the Phoenix never had. We know all thedamn silly things weve done for a thousand years and someday well stopmaking the goddamn funeral pyres and jumping in the middle of them. We pickup a few more people that remember every generation (Bradbury 163). The architecture of Brasilia EssayHer bright and innocent appearance is effective in portraying her as freeand happy. It almost makes her seem like an angel that has arrived brieflyto Montag to enlighten him. Another character that has a similar effect onthe reader is the wise, retired professor known as Faber. His appearance,like Clarisse, is centered on the concept of whiteness. Montag notices thatFaber and the plaster walls inside were much the same. There was whitein the sides of his mouth and his cheeks, and his hair was white, and hiseyes had faded, with white in the vague blueness there (Bradbury 71). Inthis case, Fabers whiteness in appearance represents his enlightenedknowledge and wisdom. Bradbury uses such perceptual concepts, like dark andlight, to portray different aspects of the personalities of each character,while displaying the notion that the free and knowledgeable beings arehappy among such a dark, oppressive society. Symbolism is also existent in the Mechanical Hound, an eight-leggedmechanized robot used by the government to hunt down and kill suspectedcriminals. The Hounds actions, and even its shape, are reflections of thesociety that Bradbury had predicted to come. The Mechanical Hound sleptbut did not sleep, lived but did not live (Bradbury 24). Like the Hound,society was alive and yet dead at the same time, drudging through lifemindlessly. This society continues on without thought, without anyemotions, without any real reason. It just functions however the governmentwants it to by feeding its people nonsense information through thetelevision and seashell thimble, a small radio earpiece. They continuethrough life, all believing the same thing, becoming brainwashed by thegovernment, conforming to any ideas set by it. The Mechanical Houndoperates in the same way: it does not think; it just functions. It doesfeel emotions; it just attacks. Even Beatty claims that, It justfunctions. It has a traj ectory we decide on for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts off. It does not thinkanything we dont want it to think (Bradbury 20). Like the Hound, societywas programmed to not think, wonder or ever ask why. It was just acontrolled system, incapable of ever thinking differently. They were alljust products of an empty society. The perversion of Montags society wasalso eminent in the shape of the Mechanical Hound. As the word Houndsuggests, the robot should resemble a dog in appearance. Yet, a hound witheight spidery legs, a metal body and electric eyes is far from the normalstructure of a canine. Like the Hound, society was far from normal. Thesociety was strange, backward, and completely abnormal. There was nocompassion for life, as revealed through Mildreds solution to stress:Its fun out in the country. You hit rabbits. You sometimes hit dogs. Gotake the beetle (Bradbury 64). Anyhow, the citizens perceive thisseemingly abnormal behavior as normal, because they have been conditionedand have conformed t o such unmoral actions. Schools in this society nolonger teach an education, but instead nonsense that programs theconforming children for their future of false happiness. Montags societyhasnt the time, nor the interest to better themselves with knowledge. Instead they destroy it. Another aspect of The Mechanical Hound that issymbolic is its use by the firemen, representing the misuse of technologythat Bradbury is predicting in the future. Again, referring to its title asa Hound gives it the animalistic characteristics of a dog. In oursociety, the dog is frequently referred to as mans best friend. Yet, inthis twisted society, everything has been turned against him, even his ownbest friend. Today, especially in the 50s, technology may have seemed likemans aide in making life easier, and therefore his friend. But Bradburybelieves that one day such technology will be intended for things otherthan its initial purpose, making technology, along with our reliance on it,a potential threat to mankind. One critic of the novel claimed that,Bradbury is not interested in the precise mechanisms of the rocket, butin the mentality and the morals of fallible beings who make and userockets (Kirk, 68). Bradburys main focus of the novel is not of thetechn ology of the future society, but rather the minds of the unmoral andevil-intended government that put it to use in the city of ignorant minds. Through various writing techniques, Ray Bradbury is successful inportraying a futuristic society in which the written word has become a signof controversy and is forbidden. In such a society, the people areprevented from thinking for themselves and instead conform to the ideas andopinions of the government. Their whole life is programmed by fear andthe menaces of technology to the point where their existence is asenseless, government-manipulated system. But, like all systems do, thisone must crash some time. In Bradburys society, all communication to thedisturbing outside world had been cut off in order to keep the citizensfrom worrying. Yet, the society had been living in blind happiness,oblivious to the war raging outside their world and the bomb that finallydestroyed them. The horrific society that Bradbury had depicted had beenintended to be parallel to our own in order to provide us with a warning. He is warning us of the consequences of censorship and conformity. He iswarning us of a future of ignorance. He is warning us of a path we may takeif we are not careful. He incites us to remain open-minded and to take onour own quests for self-improvement through knowledge. He teaches us tovalue books in order to gain that knowledge. He pushes us to fight thecensorship that suppresses great minds and hides this knowledge, of whichwithout, we may never know the problems of our culture. Our future dependsentirely upon the truth and intellectual freedom, and if we do not risefrom the ashes of our present like the Phoenix, we may fall victim to self-destruction and ultimately put an end to ourselves, much like Bradburysfictional society.

Opposition of Marriage Equality-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write an opinion editorial (Op-Ed) in a topic " Marriage equality " that critically analyses the challenges with realising aspirations of the common good in your professional community, locally and globally. Answer: Marriage equality is all about justice and law and is not a concern related to procreation and religion. The modern religious communities claim that it is upon them to state how and who should be entitled to marriage. However, marriage being the religious duty not only predated these religions but also was not even considered as a part of any celebration, in case of Christianity, in particular until the 9th century. Since then marriage and the legal privileges have undergone significant changes irrespective of any religious claims relating to the resolute and sacred immutability. In the contemporary era, marriage is all about two adults who are non-related to each other and intends to acknowledge their love for each other legally. The concept of marriage equality signifies the change in the definition of marriage in the Marriage Act 1961 from a man and a woman to two people in the statute. This was claimed to ensure that the statute was favorable for same-sex marriages, thus, rendering the statute genderless in terms of the matter of who one is entitled to get married legally (Becker, 2015). Several factors attribute to the opposition of marriage equality such as aged people, in particular, who are comfortable with their long-held beliefs including their religious beliefs. It is a well-known fact that it is difficult to except changing attitudes towards the long established social beliefs and rules. In this context, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia [1996-2009], Michael Kirby AC CMG has stated about his own experience and attitudes towards the changing attitudes towards the acceptance of same-sex marriage. He was himself homosexual and being in a relationship with his male partner signified the conventional beliefs of his legal values and his legal rights within which he was raised. It is a fact that accepting new attitudes in old institutions is bound to face opposition (Cahill, 2015). Some of the opponents of marriage equality usually use religious beliefs, non-faith-based arguments to justify their beliefs and arguments. Such arguments include the age-old belief that marriage can only take place between heterosexual persons and that procreation of children is essential to marriage, which makes heterosexual marriage most appropriate way to form families. These arguments imply an attempt to disguise the underlying motivation of such people, which is to promote their long-held conventional beliefs (Tebbe, 2015). If such motivation were not subjected to frequent examination, it would prejudice the heterosexual persons. The two essential arguments that arises in this context is whether religious belief should have any role to play in determining public policy regarding civil same-sex marriage in the Australian community. The second essential argument is to oppose the proposition that marriage is the union of a man and a woman. In regards to the first argument, the right of people to oppose same-sex marriage on the grounds of faith is respected. The significance of marriage in various faiths and the right of the people to perform marriages as per their rituals and teachings is also respected. Similarly, the right of several faiths to determine who they want to get married and under what situation, should be equally respected. This is evident from the fact when one of Australias leading Catholic thinker, Frank Brennan has asserted that legalization of same-sex marriage signifies common good as civil marriage cannot be considered as some instrument of the church. He referred to the legalization of same-sex marriage and support of marriage equality in like-minded nations such as New Zealand and Britain to support such change and endow the couple with consistency while moved worldwide. In regards to the second argument, which defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman the opposition to marriage, equality derives from the age-old belief that is considered unchangeable. Father Brennan promoted the teachings of Catholic Church on marriage stating that it should take place between man and a woman but this concept should be segregated from civil marriage, which is a distinct institution from the marriage concept in the Catholic Church. He further stated that the concerns relating to religious freedom are valid but the same shall be dealt with by the Parliament (Eskridge, 2014). Consequently, the parliament of Australia has assented for legalization of same-sex marriage in the nation and the Bill is likely to be enforced within few months. The aspirations of common good with respect to marriage equality can be achieved if legal equality of marriage concerns more than marriage as a ceremony. It should not imply exclusion of any group in the community but it is to ensure the group has easy access to the legal right to be married. Reference list Becker, J. (2015).Forcing the spring: Inside the fight for marriage equality. Penguin. Bernstein, M., Taylor, V. (2013).The Marrying Kind?: Debating Same-Sex Marriage within the Lesbian and Gay Movement. University of Minnesota Press. Cahill, C. M. (2015). The Oedipus Hex: Regulating Family After Marriage Equality.UCDL Rev.,49, 183. Eskridge Jr, W. N. (2014). The Marriage Equality Cases and Constitutional Theory.Cato Sup. Ct. Rev., 111. Tebbe, N. (2015). Religion and Marriage Equality Statutes.

Votes For Sale Essay Example For Students

Votes For Sale Essay Word Count: 862 According to the Associated Press, lobbyist donated 633 million dollars to government representatives in the first half of 1999. A lobbyists job is to pass money to representatives for a vote in their favor of a bill. Up to $5000 may be given to any one congressman by a lobbyist thru Political Action Committees (PACs). Farmers, laborers, gun control activists, abortion opponents, and teachers are just a few of the numerous groups who form these committees in the United States. These interest groups employ a lobbyist to offer a cash donation on their behalf. The legislative branch of the United States government was designed to represent citizens of this nation. We will write a custom essay on Votes For Sale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Congressional members are supposed to be the representatives of people in their district or state. Laws are supposed to be passed in the publics best interest. PACs attempt to influence the passing of laws through lobbyists. Lobbyists degrade democracy, encourage improper policymaking, and likely provoke political corruption. The most obvious downfall to lobbying is that representatives would be encouraged to vote for money; causing a degradation of democracy. In other words, if a pro-life group paid a representative to vote against legalizing abortion the money would influence the representatives vote. Whether or not a bill is passed becomes an issue of who is willing and able to pay more for it. Congressmen would look to vote for bills that would get them the most money from the PACs. Even though $5,000 is the maximum donation a lobbyists can give to one particular politician; lobbyists donate to several. This can give them the upper hand in a majority decision. Lobbyists believe they are representing the people and getting bills passed that the people want, thus promoting the citizens role in the government.The problem with this view is that the money is getting more representation than the people are. The group that has the most money and buys the most votes will get more bills passed in their favor, regardless if they are the majority or not. This takes away from the democratic process; not allowing all the peoples votes to count. A representative should vote for those who elected him not those who pay him the most. When a representatives vote is influenced by money the fundamentals of democracy are defeated. Secondly, representatives benefit directly from lobbyists donations. Therefore, representatives will use improper policymaking to assure a lobbyists cause is ratified. For instance, if a gun control activist donates to a state representative with the intent to make purchasing handguns easier, then that representative will exercise his political power of policymaking to assure it takes place. Supporters of lobbyists justify their action by pointing out the fact that all donations are recorded. However, reports show there are a number of gifts and donations that go unreported. Supporters of lobbyist attempt to use the lobbying disclosure law to defend this practice. The law requires all donations be publicly documented. This is simply used to cover the backs of congressmen, making it appear that they are in favor of strict monitoring of money and gifts received from lobbyists. Newt Gingrich went as far to say that anything is fine so long as everything is documented, thus giving much leeway to lobbyists. Finally, relinquishing a money donation is not something a representative would do. Hes going to take the money and vote in favor of a particular lobbyist in order to keep getting money from him in the future, thus lobbyists encourage political corruption. The view taken by supporters of lobbyists is that donations do not finalize the vote of the representative. The representative still maintains the choice to vote for or against a lobbyist that has made a donation. Realistically, if a representative votes against a donating lobbyist he would be giving up the chance to continue receiving money from that particular lobbyist.This betrayal might cause other lobbyists to avoid that representative knowing he might take the money and not vote in their favor. Giving up potential money in donations is not something that a representative would seriously consider. .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .postImageUrl , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:hover , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:visited , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:active { border:0!important; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:active , .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c248025f3b8b1cf93db361d38f4631d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World Hunger Essay Therefore, the money will cause corruption on the part of the representative. Those who have the most money

Famous people under 30, who have achieved a lot in advertising sphere

Famous people under 30, who have achieved a lot in advertising sphere Creative people under 30 in Advertising It happens very often that a person devotes all his or her time, efforts and abilities to one certain sphere, which becomes his/her lifework. Lots of such professionals gain their experience during the whole life and establish their own contributions or ideas within the dozens of years. We got adjusted to the fact that only skilled and practiced people understand the core points and able to astonish with creative ideas. Perhaps, it is really so in most cases, when we speak about scientific field or other resource-consuming areas, which require custom approach. When it refers to modern business forms or such highly developed world of advertisements, the standard rules do not work here. We have thousands of examples when young even not very skilled but amazingly creative people make a real breakthrough in a certain sphere. It proves the fact the new generation possesses modern and progressive way of thinking and understands up to date trends, which can caught attention of millions of people. So we selected a number of outstanding people within the advertisement sphere, who even have not reached their thirty, but already are famous for their achievements. Chelsea Cumings She is only 28 and occupies the position of the freelance art director. So what is her work significant for? The previous year several of her works were awarded for brilliant performance. Thus, 2016 she became an owner of the Gold Clio, One Club â€Å"One to Watch†, two DAD Pencils, four Cannes Lion Bronzes. She has experience of work with such brands as Traget, Adidas, HP.   One of her most outstanding works was executed for Expedia. It was devoted to the story of children’s dreams coming true due to cooperation of St Jude Children's Research Hospital and travel company, which embodied children’s dreams by means of the VR room. Daniel Barak Daniel is VP and creative director at Saatchi Saatchi Los Angeles at the age of 28.2016 was for Barak rich for awards. His work for Volkswagen's Golf R "Unleash Your Rrr." launch campaign was honored by Cannes Lions, ANDYs and One show Pencils. Due to pioneering of the AI use in the advertising, this campaign is archived by New York MoMa. Rohan Cooke and Laura Petruccelli They are 27 and 26 correspondingly and already are hired as associate creative directors at Goodby Silverstein Partners. This Australian duo became real headliners in the advertisement field in the past few months. They are famous for their campaign called â€Å"Unacceptable Letters†, which tells about sexual violation, from which suffer a lot of women in college. One more of their campaign was designed for Instagram. It was a square milkshake designed for the app's square format. For these campaigns Rohan and Laura were awarded by a number of awards, comprising Cannes Lions. This pair is also included in the number of global top lists of the creative people in advertisements. Andrew Kong and Curtis Petraglia Andrew deals with copywriting and Curtis works as an art director at Deutsch. They both are at the age of 29 and are known as â€Å"Curtis and Kong†. This duo joined the Deutsch team two years ago and already managed to work over the campaigns for such famous brands as Snapple, Pizza Hut, Dr Pepper, Taco Bell, and Nintendo. According to the information, provided by their agency, developed by guys campaign â€Å"Make time for Snapple† resulted in the highest return on investment, achieved by the brand campaign. Curtis and Kong were the participants in the first YouTube Creative Hack, held in Singapore. They needed to produce an advertisement with six-second duration for Singapore tourism board and were awarded a first place for their videos. Florian Marquardt Florian is employed as a senior creative at Goodby Silverstein Partners. Marquardt is only 28, but he worked on a number of famous campaigns and achieved great results in it. Among these campaigns are the following: Doritos â€Å"No choice†, NYPD’s â€Å"Invisible faces†. He has already made a strong contribution to Goodby Silverstein achievements. Except his day job Florian has a lot of ideas, interesting undertakings and number of creative projects, one of the most famous of them is the â€Å"#Help50Cent† tongue-in-cheek Kickstarter campaign. So follow the example of this people and do not take your age into account. It does not matter who and how old you are, the things that really matter is your creative mind and endless fresh ideas, which can excite the curiosity of the required audience.

Several topics included in the uploaded file (questions from the case Essay

Several topics included in the uploaded file (questions from the case study) - Essay Example There are many methods of investment appraisal. Each method analyses the investment in different ways. The three main methods are: ‘Payback time’, ‘Average / Annual rate of return’ and ‘Net present value (NPV)’. Payback method is used to compare various projects for a business; the project which gives the best returns is considered. It generally calculates the time taken for the return of capital invested. Similarly if the annual return rate is considered, the projects are selected based on the one providing highest annual returns. The company’s cash flow can change from time to time; thus, this method is helpful as it considers the ‘rate of returns’. Usually, there is a time lag in receiving the payment for the business done and money value might be inflated or deflated during this time lag. Hence, in the ‘Net Present Value’ or ‘Discounted Cash Flow’ method, the ‘real value’ of the mone y is considered. The returns calculated using this method is called ‘Real Return’ (Investment Appraisal, 2008). With respect to Hazlewood Sandwiches, capital investment was made for the following reasons: It was observed that people, in general, had become very busy with their existing jobs or multiple jobs and hence had very little time to cook. This was the main reason to foresee an increase the demand for sandwiches. Secondly, due to good earning and spending power of the people, they preferred to pay others to get their food prepared, rather than painstakingly cooking food themselves. This served as a time saver and therefore increased demand for readymade sandwiches. Thirdly, Hazlewood Sandwiches could provide foodstuffs with better quality than the best existing in market, promising exponential growth in market. In support to these factors, the new factory setup assured a superior production flow line which decreased the number of workers needed to move materials within the factory and helped to manage the inward movement of raw materials to outward movement of finished goods. Hence, these three reasons mainly influenced Hazlewood Sandwiches’ decision to make capital investment. Q2: Discuss the differences, advantages and disadvantages of the three investment decision techniques mentioned in the case. Investment appraisal decisions are very crucial for any company, since it involves the future of the company. Decisions have to be made between various alternative project plans which decide the next steps of the company. There are 3 techniques of investment appraisal: The first technique is ‘The Payback Method’. It directly calculates how quickly the return of the investment covers the investment on the project. Returns on investment are calculated for all the alternative projects in hand. It is based on the shortest payback period, contributing in the prevention of cash flow problems. It is known for its simplicity and ada ptability to changing technology as the cost of machinery can be recovered before the next new model is released. The disadvantage is that the returns after this period are ignored. Additionally, the real value of money is not accounted since value of money is considered directly without considering the inflation effects on money value (Business Studies online, Investment appraisal, Chapter 4a.2.2, 4a.2.3). The ‘Average Rate of Return’

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final exam - Essay Example To undertake the responsibilities charged to the army, the US government deploys large military troops to maintain law and order as well as ensure that all the activities under the US control are run efficiently. According to the international law, the occupying powers in the stated territories should take all the measures within their power to restore law and order and to ensure that the safety of the public is maintained (Moten 157). One of the goals and objectives that the US military is supposed to accomplish in their services is the general protection of human life, through the implementation of the humanitarian law which protects human beings against life violation through murder, torture or inhuman treatment (Moten 179). They also uphold the humanitarian law by protecting the citizens from being taken hostages and ensuring that the personal dignity of the citizens is guaranteed. The US military also accomplishes the objective of caring for the sick and ailing people by providi ng food and medicine. The military ensures that the sick are collected and cared for, and that food and medical supplies are availed where they are inadequate. Another objective the US military accomplishes through Iraq and Afghanistan is applying adequate forces and correct procedures to enhance the prosecution of criminals involved in the violation of human rights (Moten 183). What type of government would be recommended in a non western nation? If asked to develop a government in a non western developing nation, I would recommend the establishment of a democratic government. Democracy means a rule by the people where the people govern. A democratic government is where the people are given a chance to elect the leaders of their choice to represent them. This type of government will allow the citizen to be directly involved in government decisions, an act which is not common in monarchy, dictatorial and communism systems. Unlike other forms of government such as dictatorial, commun ism and monarchy, democracy also ensures the change of government without violent behaviors. To prevent monopoly in the ruling authorities as practices in a monarchy and dictatorship governments, a democratic government allows elections after certain periods of time to ensure change of authority. Unlike in the other forms of governments, a democratic government gives the people a sense of pride having participated in the choosing of their ruling authorities (Moten 98). Democratic governments however have the disadvantage because the citizens may make the wrong choices while electing their leaders due to influence by the majority. What could be the reason why countries that are not democratic governments go to wars with each other? Unlike the democratic government where the citizens elect the leaders of their choice, countries practicing forms of government such as dictatorship, monarchy and communism are subjected to one kind of leadership. In dictatorship governments, the authority is held by one person who rules according to his beliefs. Dictatorship may lead to internal wars due to differences in the views of the leadership approach. In a communist type of government, all the economic activities are controlled by the central government. This may cause internal conflicts due to lack of economic independence by other citizens. A reason for conflicts in the communist government could be the scrabble for resources such as minerals and cash

A Case Study relating to the Principles of Anaesthetic Practice

A Case Study relating to the Principles of Anaesthetic Practice In this assignment the key features of the pre-operative assessment, anaesthesia and airway management will be explored. I will be identifying a range of drugs that are used and will explain their behaviour and indicate the dosage. I will be reflecting on my own experience of checking an anaesthetic machine following the AAGBI guidelines, and explaining how to check anaesthetic equipment with regards to the AAGBI guidelines. I will also be reflecting on a patient undergoing anaesthetic on my placement. I have changed the name of my patient who I will be following through the anaesthesia for confidentiality reasons. Therefore I will be calling my patient Helen. The HPC code of conduct states that you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (Urwin 2007). Helen was referred to the hospital by her GP after suffering bad pains and tightening around her back. After a series of investigations which included an ultrasound scan, gastroscopy, MRI, and blood tests, it was found that Helen had stones in the gallbladder with increased wall thickness. This was detected through the ultrasound scan. She was then diagnosed with symptomatic gallstone disease and given a date to have Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. For this procedure a general anaesthetic will be given and she will need to been intubated. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder with a scope. These examinations where carried out in the out-patients consultation. Here the surgeon decided the diagnosis from the patients history, full physical examination and results from the investigations (Simpson, Peter 2002). A few days before the patient is due to come in for surgery they are asked to attend a pre operative assessment clinic. Here the patients general heath is checked, current and past medical history is asked and also any family history such as, hereditary conditions like malignant hyperthermia, cholinesterase abnormalities, and porphyries. These can all affect the anaesthetic process in some way (Aikenhead et al 2007). Bloods are then taken for cross matching and the anaesthetist requested an electro cardio gram to be taken due to Helens age. The patient is also asked about any medications she may be taking as these too can interact with some of the agents that may be used during anaesthesia. Alcohol, smoking and the use of recreational drugs can all affect the anaesthesia at some point. For example someone who drinks alcohol regularly may have liver dysfunction which may lead to the patient to be resistant to a range of drugs including induction drugs and sedative drugs (Davies and Ca shman 2004). The anaesthetic history of the patient will also be looked at, questions will be asked to the patient and anaesthetic notes will be read by the anaesthetist. This is carried out as the patient may have had problems during anaesthetic in the past and this could then be avoided (Aitkenhead ET all 2007). At the end of the assessment the patient has the chance to ask the anaesthetist any questions they may want to ask. This is great for the patient as it can limit any stress they may have and this in turn reduces blood pressure and relaxes the heart (Davey and Ince 2005). The pre operative assessment is also there to ensure that the patient knows exactly what procedure they are having (Wicker and ONeil 2006). The assessment identifies any potential problems which can save the operation from been cancelled (Simpson Peter 2002). Helen had no history of any conditions that ran in the family; she is currently taking no medications and has never had an anaesthetic before. The day before the operation the anaesthetist visits the patient on the ward. Here some final checks are done to see whether the patient is fit for surgery (Davey and Ince 2005). The patients physical status is assessed. This is done using the ASA classification. Class 1 being a healthy person and class 5 being a patient who is not expected to survive without an operation. Helen was class 2 which meant mild to moderate systemic disease not necessarily related to the condition requiring surgery, (e.g. hypertension). Helens physiological measurements were taken. Her Blood Pressure was 120/90, Respiratory Rate 18, Temperature 36.5, Body mass index 26, Oxygen saturation 96%, Pulse rate 70, Blood Glucose level 8.2, and weight 80.3kg. The patients airway is then assessed using the mallampati scoring system. This is done by the patient opening their mouth and sticking out their tongue. It is used to try and forecast how easy or difficult it will be to intubate the patient. The lower the sco re the easier to intubate (Steven et al 2003). See appendix 1. Helen has a mallampati score of 2 which meant that intubation shouldnt be too hard. However the anaesthetist also looks for other physical problems that may cause intubation to be difficult, for example, sunken cheeks, small mouth, prominent jaw, a short neck, and loose teeth (Woodhead and Wicker 2006). Helen had none of these problems however a difficult intubation trolley is always kept in the anaesthetic room incase intubation become difficult. If the patient is obese then they are usually advised to lose some weight before the operation as obesity increases the risk of wound infections, chest infections, and deep vein thrombosis (Davies and Cashman 2006). The patient should then be prepared for theatre by signing a consent form, fasting and pre medication. Fasting is where the patient cannot eat for 6 six hours, and not to drink any fluids after 2 hours before surgery (Woodhead and Wicker 2006). This is to reduce the risk of aspiration of stomach contents during induction or recovery of anaesthesia (Wicker and ONeil 2006). According to Davies and Cashman (2006), pre-medication is in place to relax a patient before they go down to theatre, and also to reduce any pain that the patient may be in. During the pre-operative assessment Helen was given 200mg of ibuprofen to be taken up to the surgery and on the morning of the operation. This was to reduce and pain that Helen may have been in. It is a mandatory requirement to check all anaesthetic machines and equipment before use each day. In 2004 the association of anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland published their third edition checklist of how to check anaesthetic equipment. The check list was approved by professionals and covers various aspects of checking the anaesthetic machine including pipelines, breathing system, ventilation, and monitoring equipment. Staffs have to be trained to check the equipment and a book must be signed by each person who checks the machine and equipment. (The association of anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2004). With the supervision of my mentor I started to check the anaesthetic machine ready for the day. I firstly made sure that the anaesthetic machine was connected to the mains electricity supply, and switched on. I then began to test all monitoring devices such as the pulse oximeter, capnograph, and oxygen analyser. I then checked that all pipelines were connected and connected to their correct terminal. This is to prevent the wrong gas been given to the patient. The pipe probes have a collar around them and each is different diameters to the other which prevents the probe being inserted into the wrong exit so the wrong gas in theory would never be given to a patient however it is still very important to check them. The check for this is known as the tug test. To do this I pushed the pipes is into the correct point and then i tried to tug them back out. This will tell you whether it is connected properly. The next piece of equipment on the anaesthetic machine that needs to be checked is the flow meter; i did this by looking to see if the bobbins were spinning and moving freely. I checked the anti-hypoxia device by turning the oxygen and nitrogen oxide on and disconnecting the oxygen pipeline. The nitrogen oxide should drop first and an alarm sounded, this is called the Bowson alarm. This told me that everyone was working how it should be. I then checked to make sure that the emergency bypass was working. I checked to see if the vaporises were securely fastened onto the machine, and did not leak. A then carried out a leak test on the breathing circuit and facemasks, and I checked that airways all the appropriate sizes. Then lastly I checked the ventilator for leaks and made sure that tubing was securely attached and the scavenging tubing was attached to the correct exhaust part of the breathing system, i then switched the gas on. Whist I was checking the anaesthetic machine I felt really nervous, I knew how important it was to check everything and everything correctly and this along with my mentor watching just added to the pressure. With the supervision of my mentor again I started to check the anaesthetic equipment before Helen was due for her operation. I made sure that I had out on the table 2 Macintosh laryngoscopes, one with a size 3 blades and the other with a size 4 blade. I then checked that the blades were securely fixed to the laryngoscope and also made sure that the light was working and bright. I then made sure that I had each size endotracheal tube out, a size 7, 8 and 9 and checked them by deflating the cuff and re-inflating it listening out for any leaks. I then got a size 3 and 4 LMA out and did the same test with these deflating and re-inflated but also looking for any holes or rips. I then checked that I had out all the equipment needed in case of difficult intubate, for example a gum elastic bougie, and Magill introducing forceps. The forceps are used to feed the endotracheal tube down into the trachea. I then made sure that I had a 50ml and a 20ml syringe, and also something to tie the endotr acheal tube in place and some swabs. We were then ready for Helen. On the day of the operation Helen was brought down to the theatre reception where the patient liaison asked Helen a few questions, got her to check that she had signed the consent form, and made sure that the correct site had been marked. The patient liaison then passed this information to me and my mentor in the anaesthetic room. I introduced myself to Helen and explained what i was going to do next. Whilst the anaesthetist drew up the drugs I put ECG pads onto Helen, a pulse oximeter onto her finger, and a blood pressure cuff onto her arm. The anaesthetist then inserted 0.5ml of 1% Lidocain onto the back of Helens hand where he wanted to insert a cannula. Lidocain is a local anaesthetic and was inserted to numb the area he intened to insert the cannula. It is stored in a lockable cupboard in the anaesthetic room (BNF 2009). The anaesthetist then inserted a cannula into a vein on the back of Helens hand. Helen was then pre oxygenated via a facemask which I held over her during induc tion. 10mg of morphine was firstly given via the cannula. 10mg of morphine is given as it produces better sedation and reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting (Clarke et al 2005). 2mg/kg of Propofol (anaesthetic agent) and 100 ug/kg vecurionium bromide (muscle relaxant) was then inserted into the cannula. Propofol is a general anaesthetic and it works by slowing down the brain and nervous system. There are some side effects to Propofol, these are: pain/swelling at the site of insertion, weak shallow breathing, fast or slow heart rate, and some people can have an allergic reaction to the agent. Propofol is stored in a lockable cupboard which can only be accessed by the ODP in charge. Vecuronium Bromide is stored in a locked fridge. It is a muscle relaxant and works by blocking signals between your nerves and your muscles. This agent also has some side effects, these are: an allergic reaction to the drug. Also things such as weak/aching muscles, trouble breathing, and feeling lig ht headed. (BNF 2009). After the anaesthetic agents had been inserted it was time to intubate Helen. I assisted the anaesthetist along with my mentor through this process, passing the anaesthetist any intubating equipment he needed. He gently lifted her head and inserted a Macintosh laryngoscope with a size 3 blade into Helens mouth so that he could get a view of the trachea. He then placed a size 8 tracheal tube into the trachea. I inflated the tube listening for escaping air. Helen was now successfully intubated. To secure the endotracheal tube in place I tied a bandage around the tube. I then placed an upper body warmer onto Helen to maintain her temperature throughout the procedure and also some flowtron boots to prevent pressure sores. Intermitted positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was used throughout Helens operation and because of this an airway pressure monitor was used. Helen was then maintained on 1litre oxygen with 1litre of nitrous oxide through a closed circuit with a soda lime canister to remove the carbon dioxide. Throughout the surgery the muscle relaxant was maintained by vecronium bromide, and carbon dioxide levels were kept at 35-45 mmHG. Due to Helen having a general anaesthetic she needed to be reversed with 50ug/kg neostigmine with 10ug/kg glycopyrrolate. Once Helen had been reversed from the vecromium and seen to be breathing on her own she was extubated. Firstly her mouth and the back of her throat were cleared of any secretions using suction. This is to prevent any secretions going down the trachea compromising the lungs which could lead to difficulty with breathing and infection (Gardiner and Grindrod 2005) The endotracheal tube cuff was then deflated and with the aid of a laryngoscope the tube was removed and a gadel airway was inserted to aid breathing and to prevent the tongue from falling back and causing choking. The monitoring was then removed and a mask was applied with 5litre oxygen to keep the patient oxygenised whilst bein g transferred to the recovery ward. Monitoring that was used throughout the anaesthesia and the surgery itself was the electrocardiogram, non-invasive arterial pressure monitor airway pressure monitor, pulse oximeter, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration monitor, peripheral nerve stimulation and body temperature probe. Helen was very nervous when she got into the anaesthetic room. To try and reduce this I communicated with Helen and held her hand through the insertion of the cannula. I feel that this reduces worries that the patient may have and I would like to think that Helen would have gained some trust of me and my mentor. Communication is a very import quality an ODP should have. It is important when caring for patients as each practitioner needs to pass on information to other practitioners in order to give to right care to each patient (Wicker, 2006). When Helen was brought into the anaesthetic room i intruded herself to Her. Effective communication at this time is very important as you are trying to build up a relationship with the patient so that they feel more at ease (Wicker, ONeil ,2006). According to Wicker and Woodhead (2005) patients fears can be minimised by the use of communication from the ODP to the patient. Each patient should be treated the same and not discriminated against at any times. Medical gases come in cylinders. These cylinders can be identified by reading the label, the size of the cylinder, and also the colour. Each different gas has a different colour cylinder. For example, oxygen is white, nitrous oxide blue, and carbon dioxide grey. Some gases also have different valve colours, and sometimes multi coloured valves. For example medical air has a black and white top with a grey cylinder. Cylinders must be stored correctly and in the right places. They should be kept dry, clean, and well ventilated (Farley 2007). It should be easy access to them. Depending on the size of the cylinder depends on which way and where they are stored. They are sized using letters. F, G, and J being small cylinders with C, D and E being much bigger cylinders. F, G and J cylinders should be stored vertically and secure whereas C, D, and E sized cylinders should be stored horizontally. Not only are there different sized cylinders but each one has a different valve. Some have bullno ed valves, some pin index valves, others hand wheel and the rest schraeder outlet valves. Oxygen, nitrous oxide, equinox, and carbon dioxide all use pin index valves. Oxygen, air, oxygen/carbon dioxide, he/oxygen all use bullnose valves. There should also be separate areas for empty and full cylinders, and also separate areas for different gas types. Before using a cylinder you should check that you have the correct one, as mentioned before this is done be checking the label, size and colour. On the label should be the product name, the licence number, the size code, pressure, contents, bar code, storage and handling precautions, and directions for use and the expiry date (Farley 2007). From following my patient through anaesthesia I have learnt the importance of drugs, and their different behaviours. I have also learnt about the different ways to intubate a patient and all about the sizes of the tubes. I have also reflected upon my own experience of checking the anaesthetic machine and anaesthetic equipment against the AAGBI guidelines. I have explained about the importance of storage of medical gases and all about the sizes and different index openings. References Aitkenhead, A, Alan, R (2006). Textbook of anaesthesia. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. London. Allman and Iain Wilson (2006) Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia. Second Edition. Oxford University. Oxford. Al-Shaikh, Baha (2007). Essentials of anaesthetic equipment. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Oxford. BNF (2009). British National Formulary. (ONLINE) Available at: http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ Last accessed: 20/03/2009 Clarke, R, Dundee, J and William, J (2002). Studies of Drugs given before Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. (ONLINE). Available at: http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/10/772 Last accessed: 04/04/2009 Davey, A (200). Fundamentals of operating department practice. London. Greenwich Medical Media. Davis, N and Cashman, J (2006). Lees synopsis of anaesthesia. Blackwell. London. Farley, K (2007). Guidelines for the Safe Handling and Storage of Medical Gas Cylinders. Available at: www.bristolnorthpct.nhs.uk//gas/guidelines%20for%20the%20safe%20handling%20%20stor Last accessed: 28/02/2009 Gardiner and Grindrod (2005). Applying Cricoid Pressure. British Journal of Theatre Nursing. Simpson, Peter, J (2002). Understanding anaesthesia. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. Steven M. Yentis, Nicholas P. Hirsch, and Gary B. Smith (2003). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A to Z: An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice. London. Urwin, C (2007). HPC codes of conduct. (ONLINE) Available at: www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10001C4620070731aPOLCORConsultationresponsetoNMCC Last accessed: 12/01/2009 Appendix 1 Actually, the amount of the posterior pharynx you can visualize is important and correlates with the difficulty of intubation. Visualization of the pharynx is obscured by a large tongue (relative to the size of the mouth), which also interferes with visualization of the larynx on laryngoscopy. The Mallampati Classification is based on the structures visualized with maximal mouth opening and tongue protrusion in the sitting position (originally described without phonation, but others have suggested minimum Mallampati Classification with or without phonation best correlates with intubation difficulty). Class I: soft palate, fauces, uvula, pillars Class II: soft palate, fauces, portion of uvula Class III: soft palate, base of uvula Class IV: hard palate only