History Of Bretton Woods System And Jamaica - 1436 Words

HISTORY OF BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM AND JAMAICA BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM The Bretton Woods System was formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Standard and The Great Depression. These closely related events prompted the need to establish an international monetary system, whose main aim was to revive the economies of the Post World War as well as fostering international economic relations that would end inter-war conflicts. Furthermore this historic event took place in July 1944 in New Hampshire whereby forty four nations consisting of 730 delegates came up with global institutions to solve these problems. In addition there were key individuals who played an important role in this process. First and foremost the United States Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Harry Dexter White who was the Chief Economic Advisor and lastly British Economist John Maynard Keyes. Both Keynes and White according to (about education, n.d.) believed in the â€Å"creation of a system of exchange rates that would avoid competitive devaluation that had been marked in the 1930’s but allow some adjustment in their value if economic fundamentals were judged to require it†. Although Keynes and White had believed in the same fundamentals or rather the same core values, they both took different approaches towards how these institutions would be implemented. On one hand Keynes believed in establishing a global central bank, termed as the ‘clearing union’ (Ghizani, n.d.) That would be used to settle imbalances.Show MoreRelatedInternational Monetary System5852 Words   |  24 PagesINTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM MULTULATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS Meaning International Monetary System refers to the system prevailing in world foreign exchange markets through which international trade capital movements are financed exchanges rates are determined. MNCs operate in a global market, buying/selling/producing in many different countries. For example, GM sells cars in 150 countries, produces cars in 50 countries, so it has to deal with hundreds of currencies. What are the mechanicsRead MoreInternational Monetary System5858 Words   |  24 PagesINTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM MULTULATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS Meaning International Monetary System refers to the system prevailing in world foreign exchange markets through which international trade capital movements are financed exchanges rates are determined. MNCs operate in a global market, buying/selling/producing in many different countries. For example, GM sells cars in 150 countries, produces cars in 50 countries, so it has to deal with hundreds of currencies. What are theRead MoreInternational Aid Or Development Assistance Essay2412 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinitions. The history of international development aid can be tracked down to antiquity, however, the modern era saw international development aid begin to evolve in the 19th and early 20th century (Kapur, 2003) but the true expansion of international development aid was in the aftermath of the Second World War. The most significant events in accordance with the establishment of international development aid were the creation of The United Nations, The Marshall Plan, and The Bretton Woods conferenceRead MoreHow Imf Has Assisted in the Underdevelopment of Third World Countries3678 Words   |  15 PagesAccording to the The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution (IFI) which monitors the international financial system and provides loans to developing country member-states with balance-of-payments problems. (www.IMF.com) History of IMF The IMF was established in 1945, having first been conceived at the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire, USA in 1944. That conference saw representatives from forty four allied nations gather to craft new rules and institutionsRead More Neocolonialism in Jamaica Essay6862 Words   |  28 PagesNeocolonialism in Jamaica: History, practices, and resistance â€Å"The imposition of structural adjustment programs in the Third World since the 1970s has been characterized as a war against the poor, a process of [neo] recolonization† (Turner, 1994: 37). This statement is particularly applicable to the country of Jamaica. The island has been susceptible to a variety of neocolonial acts including the presence of multinational corporations, structural adjustment programs, and loan organizationsRead MoreInternational Business Study Guide7932 Words   |  32 Pagesinteractions relative to national ones.† B. The expansion, concentration and acceleration of worldwide relations. II. What are globalization of markets? A. moving away from an economic system in which national markets are distinct entities, isolated by trade barriers, time and culture, and toward a system in which national markets are emerging into one global market III. What is globalization of production? A. Trend by individual firms to disperse arts of productive processes to differentRead MoreFactors Affecting the Exchange Rate of Aud/Usa4015 Words   |  17 Pagesdealers.† (BusinessDictionary, 2010). 3.5. Types of Exchange Rate Systems in the world There are 3 types of exchanging rate systems that is used in different part of the world which is Fixed Exchange Rate System, Floating Exchange Rate system which is including Freely Floating and Manage Float and Pegged Exchange Rate System. 1. Fixed Exchange Rate System. This exchange rate system was used in the Bretton Woods era, which is an article of agreement that was signed by 29 countries andRead MoreInflation Cause, Effects and Remedies11309 Words   |  46 Pagesinflated revenues; and exporting nations suffer competitive trade disadvantages forcing them to turn to protectionism and arbitrary currency controls. In the most extreme form, chronic price increases become hyperinflation, causing the entire economic system to break down. The hyperinflation that occurred in Germany following World War I, for example, caused the volume of currency in circulation to expand more than 7 billion times and prices to jump 10 billion times during a 16-month period before NovemberRead MoreInflation Cause, Effects and Remedies11320 Words   |  46 Pagesinflated revenues; and exporting nations suffer competitive trade disadvantages forcing them to turn to protectionism and arbitrary currency controls. In the most extreme for m, chronic price increases become hyperinflation, causing the entire economic system to break down. The hyperinflation that occurred in Germany following World War I, for example, caused the volume of currency in circulation to expand more than 7 billion times and prices to jump 10 billion times during a 16-month period before NovemberRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. 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The Nuiances of Essay Topics for University

The Nuiances of Essay Topics for University What You Must Know About Essay Topics for University Furthermore, it's argued that most students gain from university in conditions of higher paid jobs, therefore it is fair they pay for at least some of the price tag, especially given that the vast majority of students attending university are from the middle classes. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. The student ought to be in a place to share their values and dreams they aspire to achieve as soon as they get the occasion to get in the college in the discussion. Some students, however, might not understand that they're stressed up. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential matter to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. You can begin with the kind of topic you pick for your compare and contrast essay. The ideal topic for your essay is one which is aligned with your field of study. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. Writing a college essay can be a challenging task in the beginning, but understanding how different topics of college essays work may help you later on. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. You see it is an unusual topic which may be quite tricky to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. When selecting the correct college essay topics, students ought to be keen to focus on the principal ideas they're attempting to pass in their essay. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Topics for University You should produce a notion and offer some evidence. Seek advice from your teacher if you have any questions about this issue you have decided on. So now you are aware of how to select the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments which you want to address when writing. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. The New Angle On Essay Topics for University Just Released Your comfort level for a writer is a severe component in the accomplishment of your essay. Very often it becomes tough to choose one particular topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. Many brilliant individuals who achieved success in life proved actually academic drop-outs. The way the success of science and technology could be viewed in the health care sector to address critical diseases. For instance, if you opted to go with sports, choose two contrasting topics which are in the exact same category like soccer vs basketball. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear comprehension of what things to write about. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. In the majority of cases, the to pics you pick should be closely related. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the sort of compare and contrast essay that you're handling. The ideal thing is to choose a topic that will provide you with an opportunity to present new ideas or a fresh perspective on a problem. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! The first thing you have to do before you get started writing is to select a proper topic to write about. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Your essay deserves effort and attention, but bear in mind that it's only a component of the total application approach. At exactly the same time, it's a wonderful persuasive essay idea. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which need to be solved later on.

Depression and its causes free essay sample

The area of mental health is a very unique field. It is so unique because it leaves room for questioning at every turn, for example when a diagnosis is made who is to say that the one deciding the illness is correct on deeming another’s state of mind. What that basically means is a whole medical field is based on someone’s dictation of the meanings of sane and insane and a healthy mind to an unhealthy one. Now that is not said to discredit the relevance of mental hospitals and doctors specializing in it, they are necessary and crucial to have. The consistency of mental health was the aspect being questioned. The mental illness of depression however is one of the generally less disputed against diagnoses’. There are clear causes and even clearer symptoms shown by someone who is considered to be depressed. Depression affects people mentally and physically and the main thing expressed by somebody with clinical depression is lack of interest in anything they might have usually liked to do and radical changes in behavior along with irregular sleeping patterns (Nordqvist, 2-3). All these visual things are what make depression much easier to diagnose than most other mental illnesses. Depression, no matter what specific type, is a very curable mental illness that is also a relatively common illness in comparison to most others. Symptoms of depression do differ between types, and amongst the six types that exist they all share the main symptoms of fatigue, lack of interest, thrown off appetite, and messed up sleeping patterns as the four most common (Depression, 2-3). Depression in all forms is linked to other mental illnesses like Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, and Autism due to similarities in each illness’s genetic make-ups (Nordqvist, 1). Based upon this the symptoms of having depression may not even be limited to the ones listed for actual depression, it could go far enough as whatever symptoms are for any of those other three illness’s as well. Now in relation to treatment for Depression the conversation is very open because it is one of the more treatable disorders. The sooner someone starts their depression treatment the faster they can recover, the depression can still be fully treated if it is not helped right away, but it will take longer. The main two treatments for depression are through drugs and psychotherapy. The drugs are anti depressants and psychotherapy is a method of psychological therapy where doctors use a psychological approach on the patients rather than physical means (Nordqvist, 5-6). It helps keep the patients calm and less stressed when the fear or intimidation of physical psychiatric machines and treatments are removed from their thoughts of treatment. The causes of depression are mostly seen not just mentally on patients but also physically. Studies show that people with depression have high risks of developing obesity, or on the opposite side, uncommon loss weight loss proving the pertinence of physical effects that depression can cause. It also increases risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people. However the causes differ from the effects (obviously) because these health issues develop as result of depression but there are connections of the effects to the causes (Nordqvist, 5). Being adept to the effects can jump-start other causes for people. Depression causes, as previously stated, fatigue, loss in interest, changed appetite and abnormal sleep, but also has had cases where loss of sexual desire, lack of attention, constant feelings of anxiety, pessimism, hopelessness, and restlessness with irritability occur (Depression, 2-3). All of these are key signs to tell if a person has depression, if one or two of these issues are present there is no need for alarm, especially if they only last for a few hours infrequently. However if around 4-7 of these symptoms are shown and they are reoccurring or even all the time then there is a large chance that the person is depressed. Depression really affects people who have it physical and emotionally and it has just as much of an effect on their loved ones too. It slows down everyone’s life around them and denial or negligence toward what is really occurring is very common when a family member or someone you generally see every day starts to suffer from depression (Depression, 9). The good side is how curable and how continually researched the field of depression treatment and understanding it is and how much progression has already came and how much is sure to come in the future. An illness with the severity, along with the commonness of depression is rare to come across. In the US 6. 7% of adults are diagnosed with depression annually and that’s not including all the cases where people assume nothing is wrong and don’t go to see a doctor, which happens with a lot of people (Depression, 3). If you come across someone you feel could be depressed it is your duty to try and motivate that person to go to the doctors and to make sure they attempt to get better because sometimes it is the people that the victims are living with that are holding them back from seeing doctors. Just as bad as the people diagnosed with depression don’t want to face the facts sometimes, neither do the people closest to them. Depression can lead to death in some cases where its victims get thoughts of suicide and even get the means to act on them. Depending on how sever ones case is can effect if they get these thoughts or not but regardless it could happen to any depression victim so symptoms must be caught in time to stop the thoughts from advancing into action. The causes of depression rely on environment, genetic makeup, and ones ability to relate to people or lack of ability to. And the symptoms of depression, as explained before, are lack of interest, fatigue, as well as appetite and sleep changes so the causes as well as symptoms have impactful physical changes on people and obviously mental ones as well (Depression, 2). There is always hope to be cured once diagnosed with depression but there has to be effort from the victim and the ones close, it is really hard to live with somebody who is depressed, and all people can do it give support.

The Rise of the Macro

Anders Berring Breivik was the man accused of the terrorist attack that took place in Oslo. Through his document that he posted on the website on July 22 hours before the attacks took, we get to learn that he had a fair standard ideology of far right. The document which he named 2030- A European Declaration of Independence evoked several themes in central movements and mentions numerious ideologies of the right wing (Chesterton 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, after close inspections, it was found that Mr Breivik’s view of the world did not match any of the established ideologies of the right wig which include Christian fundamentalism, Ultanationalism and supremacism. Rather his worldview revealed new doctrines to the civilizational war that represented the Chrristian version of an Al Qaeda. This was revelead throug h his statement when he exclaimed that he feared extinction of Nordic genotypes. This meant that his main agenda was not racial hygiene, but rather he wanted to expel but not kill muslims who were in Europe. He did not mind about the non-muslims Asians and the Jews. Mr Breivik is not a Norweign nationalist but he is extremely proud of his Norwign/ Odinistic heritage and that is why he declares independence for all Europeans. He publicly declares his religion of being a Christian, however, not a very religious one. Mr Breivik wants to change his views concerning Western Islamazation in Europe. He actually views himself as a defence war soldier against Islamic imperialism. Breivik views muslims as colonized Europeans who were helped by multicultural doctrines and high birth rates which were advocated by the European elites (Hegghammer 2005). Mr Breivik view muslims as an extisting threat to European civilazation and that is why they must end up their existance by all means. Waging war against them was the best way to counter them since they were traitors who allowed colonization to occur. According to Marxists muslims are European intellectual and political elites and that is why they are considered as traitors. Despite the exceptional violent acts of Breivik, he does not have enough knowledge of Islams (Huntington 1996). His manifasto is mainly inspired by new intellectuals of the right-wing which is currently referred to as counterjihad. The roots of the movement can be traced back in 1980s but it only gained momentum after the occurance of 9/11. The internet has become a home to Breivik where different views are aired in blogs like Atlas Shrugs, Gates of Vienna, Jihad Watch publications and written by Pamela Geller, Robert Spencer, Fjordman and Bat Ye’or for Norwegian blogs. Many counterjihad writers replete Breivik manifestos which is a sign that they were inspired by him.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mr Breivik also advocates mass murder of most prominent European politicians. He gives details information concerning the issue and his main manifesto contains information and ideas that no counterjihad existing ideologist has ever discussed. Mr. Breivik provides an extensive piece of advice on building bombs and the way to plan terrorist attacks. However, he was condemned by the leading counterjihad writers for advocating violence; they actually condemned Breivik for his actions. Breivik openly announced that he was a member of knightly order known as European Military Order and Criminal Tribunal. He describes the group as a reincarnation of Knights Templar which he himself found in the year 2002 in London with some activists from eight countries across Europe (Hegghammer 2005). Mr. Breivik has a similar ideology with the Al Qaeda’s since they both see themselves to be engaged in civilizational war betwee n West and Islam that actually exceeds all existing crusades. They both fight on behalf of existing transitional entities refered to as community or ummah for Europeans and Al Qaedans. The phrase Ummah also known as one Community mainly refers to Islamic unified world (Hegghammer 2005). The nation should produce the mankind who command righteous and forbid anything that is considered as wrong. Both Breivik and Al Qaedas frame the struggles they face in the wars as defensive war survivals. They actually both hate their former governments for collaborating with those they refer to as outside enermies. Both Mr. Breivik and Al Qaedas use matyrdom language; Breivik calls those who attacks him as matyrdom operation. They also both call themselves espouse medieval ideals and knights of chivalry. They also lament partriarchy erosion and women emancipation (Hegghammer 2005). These numerous existing similarities between Mr. Breivik and Al Qaeda only mean that Mr. Breivik is mainly inspired by Al Qaedas or he is simply trying to emulate them. However, Al Qaeda’s actions suggest that they manifest the same generic ideological phenomenon; a macro-nationalism which is a varient of nationalism used to cluster nations or states held together by similar notions like ummah or the West (Hegghammer 2005). Great Macro-nationalists actually view their own people to be low in attacks and fights when it comes to defending themselves. Pan-Islamism which is muslim world has got a long history and they have always been inspired by militance since 1980s, a period when Arabs used to travell to Afghanistan to fight their fellow Muslims against the Soviet occupation. However, the West lacked similar movements in comparison to those of Pan-Islamism (Praveen 2000).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is expected that this coul d change after the appearance of Breivik manifesto and the rise of counterjihad in 2000. In case a violent anti-muslim movement emerges in West, what we expect is a division on the question who the target will be. Some members of the movement would prefer to punish European elites with the same reason which is the treason just like Mr. Breivik did. Others will prefer to attack the muslims directly just like they did it with the snipers who injured and killed several immigrants in Malmo in Sweden last year. One of the greatest tasks that the country has is countering macro-nationalists like Breivik and Al Qaedas. This is because they normally get popular support even if they are involved in mass murder which is something that is universally rejected. Mr. Breivik is a relatively large reservoir of European anti-muslims sentiments just like the AlQaedas exploit widespread Muslim oppossition policies in Middle East. However, many hope that Breivik’s actions will be horrific and u ndermine his major cause since one Al Qaeda is more than enough. Breivik hopes that countries such as Phillipines, Thailand and China will succeed him in the fight. In conclusion, it must be mentioned that this article looks more at the broad view of civilisations in violent struggles for survival and supremacy. It clearly defines what macro-nationalists think of the views and adeologies of confessed Norwegian mass murder Mr. Breivik. He struggles much in trying to implement the democratic regimes. Breivik apprecites those Hindu groups which actually do not sustain the injustice; they carry out riots and attacks on Muslims whenever things worsen but their main ideology is that their attacks are counterproductive. However, they do not attack the muslims directly instead, they target consolidate millitary cells in India with the aim of overthrowing the cultural Marxist government. Breivik envisages that future organizations would actually hand out multi cultural force which will bring military cooperation with the Buddhist, nationalists, Jewish and Hindu. He believes that these forces will help fight against the cultural Marxist forces (Clark 2011). This article also advocates how many Neo-cons in America are in need of global war with the radical muslims Mr. Breivik’s worldview does not fit into established categories of the ideologies of the right-wing just like fundamentalism, supremacism and ultranationalism. It however reveals all the new civizational war doctrines that represent how Christians view Al Qaeda since Mr. Breivik himself is a christian though not a strong one.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This article clearly shows how people view muslims and what they can do within their power to see that the Al Qaedas stop terrorizing Western countries. However, they use almost the same tactics as those of the Al Qaedas to stop the killings. This article also clearly shows what America turned into after the incident of 9/11 which left many people injured while some lost their loved ones. Based mainly on ethnicity , religion and cultural essense, they all try to unify all the members of pan-groups that are beyond the nationalist boundaries. The above ideologies have been ignored by many governements and states. References Chesterton, G. (2011). The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists. New York: Barnes Nobel. Clark, N. (2011). Nationalism: Classical, Macro and Regional. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. Hegghammer, T. (2005).Counter-Jihad’ fake nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Huntington, S.1996. The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon Schuster. Praveen, S. (2000). Norwegian Mass Killers Manifesto Hails Hindutva. New York: Free Press. This research paper on The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists was written and submitted by user Krish Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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